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Town Planning
To abate noise created
by air traffic, legislation has instituted Noise Pollution Maps
for the 10 biggest national airports. They complement Noise
Exposure Maps. The law also imposes a General Tax on Polluting
Activities (TGAP in French) upon airlines,
which contributes to soundproofing aid handed out by the Agency
for the Environment and Energy Management (ADEME) to local residents
and municipalities (ADEME's role is defined in the decree dated
1 June 1999).
Noise Exposure Map
The
Goal of a Noise Exposure Map:
In order to avoid exposing further populations to noise created
by aircraft both now and in the future, maps aiming to restrict
town planning around major airports have been drawn up. They
are called Noise Exposure Maps.
How
is a Noise Exposure Map drawn up?
Maps are constructed on the basis of forecasts on the hypothetical
development and use of the airfield in the short, medium and
long terms:
- the number of movements,
- evolution in the fleets operated,
- breakdown of traffic between day, evening and night,
- air traffic trajectories,
- infrastructures.
These hypotheses serve to determine noise zones according to
a European index expressed in Lden (Level day evening night).
The same index is used to incorporate noise from other modes
of transport into a model (road, rail, etc).
As noise is experienced more keenly at different times of the
day, the Lden index allows for the notion that aircraft create
more noise pollution in the evening (weighted with 5dB) than
in the day and even greater noise pollution at night (weighted
with 10dB).
The day/evening/night divides are as follows:
- Day from 6am to 6pm (12 consecutive hours)
- Evening from 6pm to 10pm (4 consecutive hours)
- Night from 10pm to 6am (8 consecutive hours).
How
to read a Noise Exposure Map ?
Calculations yield a map at a scale of 1/25,000 that defines
four zones:
| Zone
A
|
Very high
noise pollution level
|
Index above Lden = 70
|
| Zone
B
|
High
noise pollution level
|
Lden = 70 > Index > Lden
between 65 and 62
|
| Zone
C
|
Moderate
noise pollution
|
Lden between 65 and 62 >
Index > Lden between 57 and 55
|
| Zone
D
|
|
Lden between 57
and 55 > Index > Lden 50
|
The
constraints of a Noise Exposure Map:
Limited building rights in Noise Exposure Map zones (article
L 147-5 and L 147-6 of the Town and City Planning Code):
| Nature of the building
|
Zone
A
|
Zone
B
|
Zone
C
|
Zone
D
|
| Accommodation needed for,
or linked to, activites at the airfield
|
Authorised |
Authorised |
Authorised |
Authorised |
Living quarters needed for industrial
or commercial activities
|
Authorised
in sectors already developed |
Authorised |
Authorised |
Authorised |
Constructions directly linked
to or necessary for agricultural activities
|
Not
Authorised |
Not
Authorised |
Authorised if sector already developed and equipped
with public amenities and if they do not increase the
number of accommodation opportunities in noise exposure
zones
|
Authorised |
Ungrouped individual constructions
|
Authorised only when necessary for aeronautical activities
or vital to existing populations
|
|
Authorised |
Authorised |
Public or collective facilities
|
Authorised only when necessary for aeronautical activities
or vital to existing populations
|
Same as
Zone A
|
Authorised |
Authorised |
| Renovation, improvement, extension
or reconstruction of existing buildings |
Authorised if they do not increase the number of accommodation
opportunities in noise exposure zones
|
Authorised if they do not increase the number of accommodation
opportunities in noise exposure zones
|
Authorised
if they do not increase the number of accommodation opportunities
in noise exposure zones |
Authorised |
In Zone D, tenants
and owners must be informed of the fact that they live in a
noisy zone.
Within Zone C, Noise Exposure Maps can determine sectors
in which renovation and urban redevelopment may be authorised
in order to update existing neighbourhoods and villages - on
condition that this does not lead to an increase in the population
subjected to noise pollution.
Once Noise Exposure Maps
have been published, such sectors may also be determined by
prefectoral decree after a public enquiry (at the request of
the commune or the public establishment responsible for intercommune
cooperation in terms of Local Town Planning).
A rental contract for a building used as accommodation located
in one of the noise zones defined by a Noise Exposure Map contains
an easily understandable and visible clause detailing the noise
zone in which the accommodation is located.
A planning certificate must point out the existence of the noise
zone and the obligation of respecting soundproofing rules.
All buildings authorised in noise zones must be soundproofed.
The following table specifies soundproofing obligations and
recommendations concerning other types of building:
| |
Zone
A
|
Zone
B
|
Zone
C
|
Zone
D
|
| Exceptional authorisation
for buildings used as accommodation |
45
dB(A) |
40
dB(A) |
35
dB(A) |
30
dB(A) |
| Premises for teaching or treatment |
47
dB(A) |
40
dB(A) |
35
dB(A) |
30
dB(A) |
| Premises used as offices or
open to the public |
45
dB(A) |
40
dB(A) |
35
dB(A) |
30
dB(A) |
The
Noise Exposure Map for Nice:
How it is drawn up:
Traffic hypotheses are established in conjunction with members
of the Environment Consultative Commission. Civil Aviation departments,
the Town and Country Development Division and Air Base departments
do the necessary calculations and draw up the maps.
The various stages involved in preparing Nice's Noise Exposure
Map were:
- Selection of hypotheses
- Obtaining the Environment Consultative Commission's opinion
on Lden index scores for the line separating zones B and C
- Opinion of municipal councils in towns concerned
- Environment Consultative Commission's opinion on indexes
- ACNUSA's opinion (Airport Noise Pollution Inspection Authority)
- Public inquiry procedure
- Investigating officer''s report
- Prefectoral decree approving the Noise Exposure Map
- Implementation of the new Noise Exposure Map
Applicable Noise Exposure
Map:
The map adopted for advance application in prefectoral decree
dated 19 January 2004 takes into account traffic and infrastructure
hypotheses up to 2018. Over the coming weeks it will be the
subject of a public inquiry.
Advance application noise zones
are:
Zone A
|
index >= Lden 70
|
Zone B
|
Lden 70 >= index >= Lden 65
|
Zone C
|
Lden 65 >= index >= Lden 56
|
Zone D
|
Lden 56 >= index >= Lden 50
|
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